Effects of Non-verbal communication

Effects of Non-verbal communication
These are the 5 effects of non-verbal communication
Repetition
Non-verbal signs are important as it puts more emphasis and reinforcement to the things being said. When you are angry and your body language also shows you are, then the person who is being scolded will feel afraid. If body language is different, then the scolding won’t work.
Contradiction
Non-verbal signals can be contradictory to what is being said. At those times, non-verbal signals are true mostly. For instance, when you ask someone and he/she says that they are fine but are crying or having sad expressions. Contradiction in verbal and non-verbal communication is also sometimes important to know emotions of the people involved.
Substitution
Many times, non-verbal communication take place instead. Sometimes silence also communicates better than words and it is contextual. Traffic signals can make people do things without words. Similarly, signals in games also denote different things which are established and everybody understands.
Complementing
Non-verbal communication mostly works complimentary to verbal signals. For example, people in pain say that they are in pain whereas their expressions and gestures also say the same thing. Gestures add and accompany words which have similar meanings.
Accenting
Importance of signs in intercultural communication, Why Non-verbal Communication is Important
Non-verbal cues can act as a way to emphasize certain points in a conversation. Non-verbal communication acts stronger than verbal communication in most cases. If you want to point or underline a specific part of message, then you use some signs which show that you mean it. For example, you can pound a fist on table to show it is said with power or anger.
Therefore, non-verbal communication is more important than verbal communication in many situations. So, its importance is situational and contextual but without it communication is incomplete. Sometimes, non-verbal communication can stand alone and gives out important messages.

Why is Non-verbal Communication Important?

Why is Non-verbal Communication Important?
Communication is very important as people spend about 75 % of their waking hours communicating of which about 80 % happens non-verbally by understanding and sending non-verbal cues. Failure to act or silence is also a way of communication, but the only difference is that results you get are not as you intend. Actions are not always so parallel to words spoken.
Thoughts, ideas, emotions and feelings are shared by people with expressions and movements. Even environmental factors can be taken as non-verbal communication. Wordless communications are mostly true and are not faked. Verbal and non-verbal communication occur simultaneously.
People interpret messages according how you react, listen, look, etc. at the time of communicating. Things like if you care for something or not and if you are reacting as required or not. When verbal and non-verbal signals do not match, it creates distrust, unclear message, misunderstandings and confusion.
Convey empathy and emotions
Non-verbal communication is used to show emotions like happiness, anger, sadness, interest, curiosity, hurt, annoyance, anxiety, embarrassment, pleasure, hope, etc. People show these emotions unconsciously most of the times.

They express their empathy through non-verbal communication too. People do not unconsciously fake non-verbal communication but only sometimes do it deliberately. When you communicate, you must compliment what you say with your gestures and body language. You should also work to notice the non-verbal cues of the people you are interacting with.
Proper interpretation
Interpretation of non-verbal signals us not very easy at all times as it differs from person to person and culture to culture as well as non-verbal communication does not have fixed meanings and is different according to contexts.

But noticing and interpreting it properly gives you an advantage over the other person. We learn to do it since childhood and we try to interpret consciously when we need it. Misinterpretations can destroy relationships and creates problems.
Instinctive nature
As non-verbal communication is based on instinct mostly, people speak truth. We should believe non-verbal massages more than verbal messages if there is a conflict between two people. They show non-verbal cues as an instinct and accompany verbal communication.

Non-verbal communications are mostly natural like crying or laughing or having a personal space. Not only humans, some animals also show this kind of behavior.
Workplace Efficiency
Non-verbal communication makes work in offices better. It can also help in interviews and businesses. Many other professions like teachers, journalists, lawyers, doctors, etc. need to communicate in regular basis.

If their non-verbal communication is not up to the mark, then their work will suffer. For example, eye contact in interviews and meetings show confidence and interest. While eye contact shows those things, it can also show over confidence. It also shows trustworthiness and accuracy of intentions.
Understanding
Non-verbal communication increases understanding of messages. When verbal and nonverbal communication are similar, it establishes better perspective on the message being sent. The sender of message as well as receiver gets what is the intended meaning of the message and can act accordingly. Process of sending and receiving of message is successful and gets desired results.

DEFINE Non-Verbal Communication

Non-Verbal Communication
When we talk about ‘communication’, we often mean ‘what we say’: the words that we use. However, interpersonal communication is much more than the explicit meaning of words, and the information or message that they convey. It also includes implicit messages, whether intentional or not, which are expressed through non-verbal behaviours.
Non-verbal communication includes facial expressions, the tone and pitch of the voice, gestures displayed through body language (kinesics) and the physical distance between the communicators (proxemics).
These non-verbal signals can give clues and additional information and meaning over and above spoken (verbal) communication. Indeed, some estimates suggest that around 70 to 80% of communication is non-verbal!
Using Non-Verbal Communication
Non-verbal communication helps people to:
1.Reinforce or modify what is said in words.
For example, people may nod their heads vigorously when saying “Yes” to emphasise that they agree with the other person. A shrug of the shoulders and a sad expression when saying “I’m fine, thanks” may actually imply that things are not really fine at all!
2.Convey information about their emotional state.
Your facial expression, your tone of voice, and your body language can often tell people exactly how you feel, even if you have hardly said a word. Consider how often you have said to someone,
“Are you OK? You look a bit down.”
We know how people feel from their non-verbal communication.
3.Define or reinforce the relationship between people.
If you have ever watched a couple sitting talking, you may have noticed that they tend to ‘mirror’ each other’s body language. They hold their hands in similar positions, they smile at the same time, and they turn to face each other more fully. These movements reinforce their relationship: they build on their rapport, and help them to feel more connected.
4.Provide feedback to the other person.
Smiles and nods tell someone that you are listening and that you agree with what they are saying. Movement and hand gestures may indicate that you wish to speak. These subtle signals give information gently but clearly.
5.Regulate the flow of communication
There are a number of signals that we use to tell people that we have finished speaking, or that we wish to speak. An emphatic nod, and firm closing of the lips indicates that we have nothing more to say, for example. Making eye contact with the chair of a meeting and nodding slightly will indicate that you wish to speak.

1.Types of nonverbal communication

Types of nonverbal communication
The many different types of nonverbal communication or body language include:
Facial expressions.
 The human face is extremely expressive, able to convey countless emotions without saying a word. And unlike some forms of nonverbal communication, facial expressions are universal. The facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust are the same across cultures.
Body movement and posture.
Consider how your perceptions of people are affected by the way they sit, walk, stand, or hold their head. The way you move and carry yourself communicates a wealth of information to the world. This type of nonverbal communication includes your posture, bearing, stance, and the subtle movements you make.
Gestures.
 Gestures are woven into the fabric of our daily lives. You may wave, point, beckon, or use your hands when arguing or speaking animatedly, often expressing yourself with gestures without thinking. However, the meaning of some gestures can be very different across cultures. While the OK sign made with the hand, for example, conveys a positive message in English-speaking countries, it’s consider offensive in countries such as Germany, Russia, and Brazil. So, it’s important to be careful of how you use gestures to avoid misinterpretation.
Eye contact.
 Since the visual sense is dominant for most people, eye contact is an especially important type of nonverbal communication. The way you look at someone can communicate many things, including interest, affection, hostility, or attraction. Eye contact is also important in maintaining the flow of conversation and for gauging the other person’s interest and response.
Touch.
We communicate a great deal through touch. Think about the very different messages given by a weak handshake, a warm bear hug, a patronizing pat on the head, or a controlling grip on the arm, for example.
Space
Have you ever felt uncomfortable during a conversation because the other person was standing too close and invading your space? We all have a need for physical space, although that need differs depending on the culture, the situation, and the closeness of the relationship. You can use physical space to communicate many different nonverbal messages, including signals of intimacy and affection, aggression or dominance.
Voice.
 It’s not just what you say, it’s how you say it. When you speak, other people “read” your voice in addition to listening to your words. Things they pay attention to include your timing and pace, how loud you speak, your tone and inflection, and sounds that convey understanding, such as “ahh” and “uh-huh.” Think about how your tone of voice can indicate sarcasm, anger, affection, or confidence.

Rights and Duties of a Taxpayer

Rights and Duties of a Taxpayer
A taxpayer has the following  rights :

1. Tax installment payment
- For personal income tax, a taxpayer can pay any tax amount which exceeds 3000 baht in up to three installments without paying fines or surcharges.

- A taxpayer can file a request for an installment payment of tax arrears.  However, such payment must meet the requirements set by the Revenue Department

2. Appeal in dispute of tax assessment
In the case where a taxpayer disagrees with the assessment made by the assessment officer, he has the right to appeal to the Commission of Appeals (in the form P.S.6) within 30 days starting from the day which an assessment notice has been received.

Should a taxpayer disagree with the ruling of the Commission of Appeals, he has the right to appeal within 30 days starting from the day the ruling of the Commission of Appeals has been received.  Should he fail to appeal within 30 days, he no longer has the right to appeal and must pay the whole amount of tax, fine and surcharge.

3. Deferral of tax payment by using collateral for tax arrears
The right to appeal is not a deferral of tax payment.

A taxpayer who receives a tax assessment notice must pay tax on time as stated in the assessment notice.  However, should he wish to wait for the hearing or decision of the Commission of Appeals, he has the right to defer tax payment by providing various securities as collateral in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Revenue Department.

4. Application for exemption or reduction of fine and surcharge
A taxpayer has the duty to file his tax return and pay proper taxes on time.  Should he fail to do so, he will be subject to fine and surcharge on top of the tax due.  However, on some special grounds he may request for exemption or reduction of fine.  A tax officer does not have the power under any law to exempt or reduce surcharge.  Only in the case where the Director-General grants an extension of the time period of tax payment or remittance and such tax has been paid or remitted within the extended time period, then the surcharge may be reduced to 50% thereof.

5. Access to documents
A taxpayer has the right to make a copy of his documents relevant to his past tax payment record (tax returns and receipt).

A taxpayer has the following duties : 
 File tax returns and pay proper tax. Register for tax identification number.  A taxpayer must also notify the Revenue Department officers of any changes in his particular details Provide relevant documents and accounts as the law requires.  This includes receipt, profit and loss statement. Balance sheet, special account, etc. Cooperate and assist the Revenue Department officers and provide additional documents or information when required as well as comply with the summon.  Pay tax as assessed by the Revenue Department officers on time.  Should a taxpayer fail to pay a complete sum, the assessment officer has the right to seize, attach and sell that asset by auction even without a court decision.  Cash raised from the transaction will be used to pay off tax arrears. Non-compliance with tax law.   Anyone who does not comply with the law will face civil and criminal action.  

RIGHTS & RESPONSIBILITIES OF TAXPAYER

RIGHTS & RESPONSIBILITIES OF TAXPAYERS-1

10 Taxpayer Rights: In her report, Olson would like for Congress to organize taxpayer rights under 10 broad principles.
They are:
The right to be informed.
The right to be assisted.
The right to be heard.
The right to pay no more than
the correct amount of tax.
The right of appeal.
The right to certainty.
The right to privacy.
The right to confidentiality.
The right to representation.
The right to a fair and just tax system.
Taxpayer Responsibilities: Meanwhile, Olson doesn't let taxpayers off the hook.

So that taxpayers understand what the law requires of them, the National Taxpayer Advocate recommends in her latest report that Congress organize taxpayer responsibilities under the following five principles:

Obligation to be honest.
Obligation to be cooperative.
Obligation to provide accurate information
and documents on time.
Obligation to keep records.
Obligation to pay taxes on time.
The report also summarizes prior year recommendations by Olson to create additional taxpayer rights and recommends that those rights be incorporated into Taxpayer Bill of Rights legislation.
"It has been 13½ years since we have had major taxpayer rights legislation," Olson wrote.  "Our laws have not kept pace with our notions of procedural fairness in 21st century tax administration, particularly given our tax system's expanded and diverse taxpayer base and duties."
RIGHTS & RESPONSIBILITIES OF TAXPAYERS-2
All Taxpayers have rights and responsibilities. Knowing these rights and responsibilities is important for both Taxpayers and the Liberia Revenue Authority.

To these rights are also responsibilities which the taxpayers must adhere to help make the tax payment process stress free.

Rights Of The Taxpayers
Right to Pay Only The Correct Amount of Tax: All taxpayers are to receive the benefits, credits, and refunds to which they are entitled to under the law and to pay no more and no less than the correct amount required under the law.
Right to Privacy and Confidentiality:Taxpayers have the right to confidentiality of their information provided to the Liberia Revenue Authority (LRA). A taxpayer’s information will be used only for purposes allowed by law. Only those persons who are authorized by law, and who require the information to administer programs and legislation, have the right to access the personal and financial information of taxpayers.
Right to Professional, Courteous, Efficient, Transparent and Fair Service:Taxpayers are to be treated courteously and with consideration at all times, including when the LRA requests information or arranges interviews and audits. Integrity, professionalism, respect and cooperation are core values that reflect our commitment to giving taxpayers the best possible service.
Right to Complete, Clear and Timely Information:Taxpayers have the right to complete, accurate and timely information that will explain in plain language the laws, policies and procedures regarding obligations and entitlements.
Right to Consistent Application of the Law: The Revenue Code of Liberia Act of 2000 and all amendments including regulations pertaining thereto shall be applied consistently so that every taxpayer gets his/her/its entitlements and pays the legitimate amount.
Right to Appeal and Judicial Review:Taxpayers are entitled to a formal review if they believe that the Commissioner General or any officer has not applied the law correctly or that they have not received their full entitlements under the law. An Appeals Officer shall conduct a formal and impartial review. Filing an objection (an appeal in the case of assessments) will begin with an Appeals Officer. If the matter is not resolved to the taxpayer’s satisfaction, the taxpayer is entitled to appeal to the Board of Tax Appeals or Tax Court.
Right of Refusal to Pay the Full Income Tax Amounts in Disputes before an Impartial Review: A taxpayer is required to make a partial payment of thirty percent (30%) of the tax amount in dispute excluding payment of interest and penalty pending the decision of the Board of Tax Appeals. After the review, if the Board of Tax Appeals finds the taxpayer’s protest to be contrary to the law or procedure, the taxpayer will be requested to make payment of the remaining seventy percent (70%) plus penalty and interest.If the Board of Tax Appeals finds the taxpayer objection or protest to be correct, the partial payment of thirty percent (30%) will be refunded and accrued interest will also be paid by the LRA.
Right to a Service Complaint and Redress: A taxpayer can expect that if he/she/it lodges a complaint about the service provided from the LRA, he/she/it will be listened to and given the opportunity to explain the situation. The LRA will deal with all complaints promptly, impartially and in confidence, and it will provide a formal explanation of its findings.
Right to Notice on Audit:Any notice or document sent by tax authorities must be written, signed by an authorized tax official, noting the taxpayers’ last name, and must carry the official stamp of the Republic of Liberia. LRA will take into account the costs of compliance. when administering tax legislation. We recognize the need to minimize your cost including time.
Right to Expect the LRA to be Accountable:A taxpayer has the right to expect the LRA to be accountable for what it does. When a decision is made about a tax obligation, the LRA will explain that decision and inform the taxpayer about his/her/its rights and obligations in respect to that decision.
Right to Refunds and Claims:Taxpayers are entitled to receive the benefits, credits and refunds in accordance with the law. They may file a claim for refund if it is established that taxes have been overpaid. The claim must be filed within 3 years from the date you file your original return or 2 years from the date the tax is paid, whichever is later. The law generally provides for interest on the refund if it is not paid within 45 days of the date the taxpayer’s return is filed or claim for refund is made.
Right to be Represented by the Person of your Choice : A taxpayer has the right to be represented by a person of his/her/its choice in the appeal process. However, decisions from such representation shall Be legally binding.
Rights Of The Taxpayers
The responsibility to file correctly and on time
The responsibility to pay due taxes fully and on time.
The responsibility to declare truthfully.
The responsibility to respect Tax Administrators.
The responsibility to provide complete information
Name
Address
Telephone Number
Email
The responsibility to provide an employee, contractor, or representative Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN).

Scope of Marketing

Scope of Marketing
1. Study of Consumer Wants and Needs
Goods are produced to satisfy consumer wants. Therefore study is done to identify consumer needs and wants. These needs and wants motivates consumer to purchase.

2. Study of Consumer behavior
Marketers performs study of consumer behavior. Analysis of buyer behavior helps marketer in market segmentation and targeting.

3. Production planning and development
Product planning and development starts with the generation of product idea and ends with the product development and commercialization. Product planning includes everything from branding and packaging to product line expansion and contraction.

4. Pricing Policies
Marketer has to determine pricing policies for their products. Pricing policies differs form product to product. It depends on the level of competition, product life cycle, marketing goals and objectives, etc.

5. Distribution
Study of distribution channel is important in marketing. For maximum sales and profit goods are required to be distributed to the maximum consumers at minimum cost.

6. Promotion
Promotion includes personal selling, sales promotion, and advertising. Right promotion mix is crucial in accomplishment of marketing goals.

7. Consumer Satisfaction
The product or service offered must satisfy consumer. Consumer satisfaction is the major objective of marketing.

8. Marketing Control
Marketing audit is done to control the marketing activities.

Nature of Marketing

What is Marketing ?
Marketing refers to the activities of a company associated with buying and selling a product or service. It includes advertising, selling and delivering products to people. People who work in companies' marketing departments try to get the attention of target audiences using slogans, packaging design, celebrity endorsements and general media exposure
The management process through which goods and services move from concept to the customer. It includes the coordination of four elements called the 4 P's of marketing:
(1) identification, selection and development of a product,
(2) determination of its price,
(3) selection of a distribution channel to reach the customer's place, and
(4) development and implementation of a promotional strategy.

 Nature of Marketing
1. Marketing is an Economic Function
Marketing embraces all the business activities involved in getting goods and services , from the hands of producers into the hands of final consumers. The business steps through which goods progress on their way to final consumers is the concern of marketing.

2. Marketing is a Legal Process by which Ownership Transfers
In the process of marketing the ownership of goods transfers from seller to the purchaser or from producer to the end user.

3. Marketing is a System of Interacting Business Activities
Marketing is that process through which a business enterprise, institution, or organisation interacts with the customers and stakeholders with the objective to earn profit, satisfy customers, and manage relationship. It is the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or user.

4. Marketing is a Managerial function
According to managerial or systems approach – “Marketing is the combination of activities designed to produce profit through ascertaining, creating, stimulating, and satisfying the needs and/or wants of a selected segment of the market.”

According to this approach the emphasis is on how the individual organisation processes marketing and develops the strategic dimensions of marketing activities.

5. Marketing is a social process
Marketing is the delivery of a standard of living to society. According to Cunningham and Cunningham (1981) societal marketing performs three essential functions:-
Knowing and understanding the consumer’s changing needs and wants;
Efficiently and effectively managing the supply and demand of products and services; and
Efficient provision of distribution and payment processing systems.
6. Marketing is a philosophy based on consumer orientation and satisfaction
7. Marketing had dual objectives – profit making and consumer satisfaction

Scope of Marketing Management-1

Scope of Marketing Management
1. Setting Marketing Goals:
The prime task of marketing manager is to set marketing goals and objectives. Clearly and precisely defined objective can help marketing manager to direct marketing efforts effectively. The goals and objective (whether strategic and operating, or short-term and long-term) must be suitably communicated with the employees concern. As far as possible, objectives should be expressed in the quantifiable terms.
2. Selecting Target Market:
Segmenting the total market and selecting the target market is a fundamental task of marketing management. Modern marketing practice is based on the target market, and not on the total market. Marketing manager cannot satisfy the needs and wants of entire market. He must concentrate his efforts only on well-defined specific groups of customers, known as the target market. All the marketing functions are directed to cater needs and wants of the target market only. Based on company’s overall capacity, the target market should be selected.
3. Formulating Suitable Marketing Organisation:
To implement marketing plan, a suitable organisation structure is essential. On the basis of analysis of type of products, type of market, geographical concentration of market, and many other relevant factors, appropriate organisation must be designed. Various alternative structures are available, such as product organisation, geographic organisation, functional organisation, matrix organisation, etc. Based upon requirements, the appropriate structure should be prepared and modified as per needs.

4. Maintaining Healthy Relations with other Departments:
Marketing department needs cooperation from other departments of organisation, including financial department, personnel department, and production department, to satisfy customers effectively. Their support is considered to be important to satisfy consumers. Thus, for integrated efforts, marketing manager should try to establish good relations with them. Likewise, within marketing department, he must establish coordination among various personnel.

5. Establishing and Maintaining Profitable Relations with Outside Parties:
Alike internal support, the external relations are also extremely necessary. Marketer, in order to carry out marketing activities effectively, must establish and maintain healthy relations with various parties, such as suppliers, service providers, government agencies, dealers, consultants, and so forth. Without their support, marketing manager cannot carry out functions successfully. Due to important role of external relations, contemporary marketing practices can be said as relationship marketing.

6. Marketing Research Activities:
Marketing research is one of the important functions of modern marketing. Marketing research involves systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data on any problem related to marketing. It provides the manager with valuable information on which marketing decisions can be taken. Marketing research is essential to know adequately about consumers and market situation. It is a basic function to satisfy consumers. Marketing efforts are based on the marketing research information.

7. Sales Management:
Sales management is one of the important functions of marketing management. Sales management concerns with planning, implementation, and controlling selling efforts. It performs all the activities directly related to execution of sales.
Sales department carry out selling functions. Sales department formulates sales policies, ensures adequate quantity of products, maintains sales records, formulates structures for sales department, manages sales force (salesmen), and controls selling efforts.
8. Exercising Effective Control on Marketing Activities:
Control is essential to ensure that activities are performed as per plan. Control involves establishing standards, measuring actual performance, comparing actual performance with standards, and taking corrective actions, if needed. Control keeps the entire marketing department alert, active, and regular. Marketing manager should set up an effective controlling system to monitor marketing efforts

Nature of Marketing Management-1

DEFINE MARKETING ?{ What is Marketing?}

The action or business of promoting and selling products or services, including market research and advertising is called MARKETING.
Marketing refers to the activities of a company associated with buying and selling a product or service. It includes advertising, selling and delivering products to people. People who work in companies' marketing departments try to get the attention of target audiences using slogans, packaging design, celebrity endorsements and general media exposure.

Nature and Scope of Marketing Management

Nature of Marketing Management

It Combines the Fields of Marketing and Management
As the name implies, marketing management combines the fields of marketing and management. Marketing consists of discovering consumer needs and wants, creating the goods and services that meet those needs and wants; and pricing, promoting, and delivering those goods and services. Doing so requires attention to six major areas - markets, products, prices, places, promotion, and people.
Management is getting things done through other people. Managers engage in five key activities - planning, organising, staffing, directing, and controlling. Marketing management implies the integration of these concepts.

Marketing Management is a Business Process

Marketing management is a business process, to manage marketing activities in profit seeking and non profit organisations at different levels of management, i.e. supervisory, middle-management, and executive levels. Marketing management decisions are based on strong knowledge of marketing functions and clear understanding and application of supervisory and managerial techniques. Marketing managers and product managers are there to execute the processes of marketing management. We, as customers, see the results of such process in the form of products, prices, advertisements, promotions, etc.
Marketing Management is Both Science and Art

“Marketing management is art and science of choosing target markets and getting, keeping and growing customers through creating, delivering and communicating superior customer value.” (Kotler, 2006). Marketing management is a science because it follows general principles that guides the marketing managers in decision making. The Art of Marketing management consists in tackling every situation in an creative and effective manner. Marketing Management is thus a science as well as an art.

CHAPTER -5 Entrepreneurship

                                                                            CHAPTER -5
                                                                Entrepreneurship
Define Entrepreneur ?
A person who sets up a business or businesses, taking on financial risks in the hope of profit is called Entrepreneur.
Define Entrepreneurship ?
Entrepreneurship is the process of designing, launching and running a new business, which is often initially a small business.

ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY:-
1.Initiator
The entrepreneur is the one who initiates the process of creating an enterprise by coming up with the idea for the business and planning out how to turn that idea into a reality.

2.Risk Taker
In an enterprise, the entrepreneur, being the owner, is the biggest risk taker. He is the one who finds the capital to back up his idea and also the person who is accountable in the face of the failure of that particular idea.

3.Reduces Risk
The most important roles of entrepreneurs to reduce the risk of an enterprise failure by bringing in people that can help the organization grow. These people can be shareholders or investors that have a stake in the company and therefore are motivated to help the company succeed.

4.Allocator
An entrepreneur procures and allocates various resources in the organization. The most important of these resources is manpower. The entrepreneur is responsible for hiring an efficient staff to help him carry out his business. This is important because a good manager can take a business to new heights, while a bad manager can destroy the business.

He is also responsible for creating an organizational structure and departments for a more efficient functioning of the enterprise.

5.Adhering to Legal Norms
To ensure that the enterprise adheres to legal norms and policies, such as obtaining a license is also the duty of the entrepreneur. Not pertaining to these can mean serious legal consequences for the enterprise. These could be in terms of financial losses for the organization or something even more serious such as shutting down of an enterprise.

6.Forecasting
 The role of entrepreneurs involve acting as a forecaster. The enterprise works in a business environment and is affected by changes occurring in various aspects of this environment. It could be internal, such as strikes, machinery breakdowns, budget cuts etc. or these could be external, such as legal policy changes, political or social unrest, technological advancements, etc.

An entrepreneur must be able to correctly forecast these changes and prepare the organization to deal with these changes.

Solved Question for You

Q: Is an entrepreneur the same as a manager?

Answer: There are a lot of similarities between an entrepreneur and a manager with respect to the allocation of resources, decision making and guiding the employees. so, in a way, every entrepreneur can be a manager. However, the reverse is not necessarily true.

This is because, essentially, to be an entrepreneur, you must be the owner of the business and in a lot of cases managers work for someone else’s business.

Functions of an Entrepreneur:-

The top five functions of an entrepreneur. The functions are: 1. Decision Making 2. Management Control 3. Division of Income 4. Risk-Taking and Uncertainty-Bearing 5. Innovation.

Function # 1. Decision Making:
The primary task of an entrepreneur is to decide the policy of production. An entrepreneur is to determine what to produce, how much to produce, how to produce, where to produce, how to sell and’ so forth. Moreover, he is to decide the scale of production and the proportion in which he combines the different factors he employs. In brief, he is to make vital business decisions relating to the purchase of productive factors and to the sale of the finished goods or services.

Function # 2. Management Control:
The manage­ment control one of the chief functions of the entrepreneur. Management and control of the business are conducted by the entrepreneur himself. So, the latter must possess a high degree of management ability to select the right type of persons to work with him. But, the importance of this function has declined, as business nowadays is managed more and more by paid man­agers.

Function # 3. Division of Income:

The next major function of the entrepreneur is to make necessary arrangement for the division of total income among the different factors of production employed by him. Even if there is a loss in the business, he is to pay rent, interest, wages and other contractual incomes out of the realised sale proceeds.

Function # 4. Risk-Taking and Uncertainty-Bearing:
Risk-taking is perhaps the most important function of an entrepreneur. Modern production is very risky as an entrepreneur is required to produce goods or services in antici­pation of their future demand.

Broadly, there are two kinds of risk which he has to face. Firstly, there are some risks, such as risks of fire, loss of goods in transit, theft, etc., which can be insured against. These are known as measurable and insurable risks. Secondly, some risks, however, cannot be insured against because their probability cannot be calculated accurately. These constitute what is called uncertainty (e.g., competitive risk, technical risk, etc.). The entrepreneur undertakes both these risks in production.

Function # 5. Innovation:
 The function of the entrepreneur is to make frequent inventions — invention of new products, new techniques and discovering new markets — to improve his competitive position, and to increase earnings.

Conclusion:

The above description indicates the supreme position of the entrepreneur in an organisation. This is particularly true in the capitalistic or even mixed economy which is based on the price-profit system. In the socialistic economy, the state becomes the entrepreneur; the scope of private entrepreneur is extremely limited in such an economy.

It is to be noted that the importance of the entrepreneur has been declining with the growth of joint stock business and state-undertakings,. This is due to the fact that “risk is borne by the shareholders and the day-by- day control of the business is generally in the hands of salaried managers or managing directors”.

Rules for subject verb agreement

 Rules for subject verb agreement and how to use them in your exams:

1. Verb-number agreement

Singular subjects take singular verbs and plural subjects take plural verbs.

The list of to-dos was too long for me to handle.

The lists of to-dos were too long for me to handle.

Even an animal has its own territory.

Even animals have their own territory.

EXCEPTION to this rule:

A plural verb is always required after ‘YOU’ even when it is used in singular, referring to one person. For e.g:

You were going to send over the document.

2. Rule for when verb has ‘s’ at the end

The ‘s’ added after a noun indicates plural. But an ‘s’ after a verb indicates THIRD PERSON SINGULAR i.e. the sentence is in third person and the subject is singular. For e.g:

She goes to the library every single day.

They go to the restaurant every day for their favorite dish.

3.  The verb has to agree only with the true, main subject. Not with the intervening plural object of a preposition or any other intervening plural.

The box of Nestle’s chocolates is missing.

Here, the main subject is box, not chocolates. Hence, we use ‘is’ instead of ‘are’.

More examples:

His experience as a teacher to young kids gives him a lot of understanding.

The prices of the new iphone vary from country to country.

4. Subjects joined by ‘AND’ are usually plural and take plural verbs.

His laptop and my ipad were stolen from the desk.

Chennai and Kolkata have very hot weather.

6. Rule when both singular and plural subjects are present.

If the subject is made up of both singular and plural words connected by or, nor, either – or, neither – nor, not only, but also then the verb agrees with the nearer part of the subject.

Neither the quality nor the prices have changed.

Neither the prices nor the quality has changed.

Neither the salesman nor the buyers are in favor of the system of management.

Neither the buyers nor the salesman is in favor if the system of the management.

7. Rule for neither-nor, either-or & or

If the subject consists of two singular words connected by ‘or, neither- nor, either – or’, the subject is singular and requires a singular verb.

Neither the laptop nor the phone was in working order.

Either January or February is going to be her wedding month.

8. Rule for nouns that are plural in form but singular in meaning

Nouns that are plural in form but singular in meaning such as news, measles, mumps, physics, electronics, tactics, and economics and so on usually take singular verbs.

A linking verb usually agrees with its subject, not with its compliment.

Excessive absences were the reason for his failure.

The reason of his failure was excessive absences.

10. Rule for nouns that do not have singular forms

Plural verbs are required for many nouns that have  no singular form, such as proceeds, goods, ashes, remains, credentials, premises etc.

The proceeds of the magic show are to be given to the fund for soldier’s welfare.

The goods are being dispatched today by goods train.

TIPS FOR JOB INTERVIEWS

TIPS FOR  JOB INTERVIEWS

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1. Research the industry and company.
An interviewer may ask how you perceive his company's position in its industry, who the firm's competitors are, what its competitive advantages are, and how it should best go forward. For this reason, avoid trying to thoroughly research a dozen different industries. Focus your job search on just a few industries instead.

2. Clarify your "selling points" and the reasons you want the job.
Prepare to go into every interview with three to five key selling points in mind, such as what makes you the best candidate for the position. Have an example of each selling point prepared ("I have good communication skills. For example, I persuaded an entire group to ..."). And be prepared to tell the interviewer why you want that job – including what interests you about it, what rewards it offers that you find valuable, and what abilities it requires that you possess. If an interviewer doesn't think you're really, really interested in the job, he or she won't give you an offer – no matter how good you are!

3. Anticipate the interviewer's concerns and reservations.
There are always more candidates for positions than there are openings. So interviewers look for ways to screen people out. Put yourself in their shoes and ask yourself why they might not want to hire you (“I don't have this,” “I'm not that,” etc.). Then prepare your defense: “I know you may be thinking that I might not be the best fit for this position because [their reservation]. But you should know that [reason the interviewer shouldn't be overly concerned]."

4. Prepare for common interview questions.
Every "how to interview" book has a list of a hundred or more "common interview questions." (You might wonder just how long those interviews are if there are that many common questions!) So how do you prepare? Pick any list and think about which questions you're most likely to encounter, given your age and status (about to graduate, looking for a summer internship). Then prepare your answers so you won't have to fumble for them during the actual interview.

5. Line up your questions for the interviewer.
Come to the interview with some intelligent questions for the interviewer that demonstrate your knowledge of the company as well as your serious intent. Interviewers always ask if you have any questions, and no matter what, you should have one or two ready. If you say, "No, not really," he or she may conclude that you're not all that interested in the job or the company. A good all-purpose question is, "If you could design the ideal candidate for this position from the ground up, what would he or she be like?"

If you're having a series of interviews with the same company, you can use some of your prepared questions with each person you meet (for example, "What do you think is the best thing about working here?" and "What kind of person would you most like to see fill this position?") Then, try to think of one or two others during each interview itself.

6. Practice, practice, practice.
It's one thing to come prepared with a mental answer to a question like, "Why should we hire you?" It's another challenge entirely to say it out loud in a confident and convincing way. The first time you try it, you'll sound garbled and confused, no matter how clear your thoughts are in your own mind! Do it another 10 times, and you'll sound a lot smoother and more articulate.

But you shouldn't do your practicing when you're "on stage" with a recruiter; rehearse before you go to the interview. The best way to rehearse? Get two friends and practice interviewing each other in a "round robin": one person acts as the observer and the "interviewee" gets feedback from both the observer and the "interviewer." Go for four or five rounds, switching roles as you go. Another idea (but definitely second-best) is to tape record your answer and then play it back to see where you need to improve. Whatever you do, make sure your practice consists of speaking aloud. Rehearsing your answer in your mind won't cut it.

7. Score a success in the first five minutes.
Some studies indicate that interviewers make up their minds about candidates in the first five minutes of the interview – and then spend the rest of the interview looking for things to confirm that decision! So what can you do in those five minutes to get through the gate? Come in with energy and enthusiasm, and express your appreciation for the interviewer's time. (Remember: She may be seeing a lot of other candidates that day and may be tired from the flight in. So bring in that energy!)

Also, start off with a positive comment about the company – something like, "I've really been looking forward to this meeting [not "interview"]. I think [the company] is doing great work in [a particular field or project], and I'm really excited by the prospect of being able to contribute."

8. Get on the same side as the interviewer.
Many interviewers view job interviews as adversarial: Candidates are going to try to pry an offer out of the interviewer, and the interviewer's job is to hold onto it. Your job is to transform this "tug of war" into a relationship in which you're both on the same side. You could say something as simple as, "I'm happy to have the chance to learn more about your company and to let you learn more about me, so we can see if this is going to be a good match or not. I always think that the worst thing that can happen is to be hired into a job that's wrong for you – then nobody's happy!"

9. Be assertive and take responsibility for the interview.
Perhaps out of the effort to be polite, some usually assertive candidates become overly passive during job interviews. But politeness doesn't equal passivity. An interview is like any other conversation – it’s a dance in which you and a partner move together, both responding to the other. Don't make the mistake of just sitting there waiting for the interviewer to ask you about that Nobel Prize you won. It's your responsibility to make sure he walks away knowing your key selling points.

10. Be ready to handle illegal and inappropriate questions.
Interview questions about your race, age, gender, religion, marital status, and sexual orientation are inappropriate and in many areas illegal. Nevertheless, you may get one or more of them. If you do, you have a couple of options. You can simply answer with a question ("I'm not sure how that's relevant to my application"), or you can try to answer "the question behind the question": "I don't know whether I'll decide to have children in the near future, but if you're wondering if I'll be leaving my job for an extended period of time, I can say that I'm very committed to my career and frankly can't imagine giving it up."

11. Make your selling points clear.
If a tree falls in the forest and no one is there to hear it, did it make a sound? More important, if you communicate your selling points during a job interview and the interviewer doesn't get it, did you score? On this question, the answer is clear: No! So don't bury your selling points in long-winded stories. Instead, tell the interviewer what your selling point is first, then give the example.

12. Think positive.
No one likes a complainer, so don't dwell on negative experiences during an interview. Even if the interviewer asks you point blank, "What courses have you liked least?" or "What did you like least about that previous job?" don't answer the question. Or more specifically, don't answer it as it's been asked. Instead, say something like, "Well, actually I've found something about all of my classes that I've liked. For example, although I found [class] to be very tough, I liked the fact that [positive point about the class]" or "I liked [a previous job] quite a bit, although now I know that I really want to [new job]."

13. Close on a positive note.
If a salesman came to you and demonstrated his product, then thanked you for your time and walked out the door, what did he do wrong? He didn't ask you to buy it! If you get to the end of an interview and think you'd really like that job, ask for it! Tell the interviewer that you'd really, really like the job – that you were excited about it before the interview and are even more excited now, and that you're convinced you'd like to work there. If there are two equally good candidates at the end of the search – you and someone else – the interviewer will think you're more likely to accept the offer, and thus may be more inclined to make an offer to you.

Even better, take what you've learned about yourself from your MyPath career assessment and use it to explain why you think this is the job for you: "I've done some careful career self-assessment, and I know that I'm most interested in [one or two of your most important career interest themes], and – correct me if I'm wrong – it seems that this position would allow me to express those interests. I also know that I'm most motivated by [two or three of your most important motivators from your MyPath assessment], and I have the sense that if I do well, I could get those rewards in this position.

Finally, I know that my strongest abilities are [two or three of your strongest abilities from your MyPath assessment], and I see those as being the abilities you most need for this position." If you follow this tip, you'll be (a) asking for the job, (b) explaining why you think it's a good match, (c) displaying your thoughtfulness and maturity, and (d) further disarming the tug-of-war dynamic that interviewers anticipate. You'll be making the strongest possible "close" – and that's worth a lot!

14. Bring a copy of your resume to every interview.
Have a copy of your resume with you when you go to every interview. If the interviewer has misplaced his or her copy, you'll save a lot of time (and embarrassment on the interviewer's part) if you can just pull your extra copy out and hand it over.

15. Don't worry about sounding "canned".
Some people are concerned that if they rehearse their answers, they'll sound "canned" (or overly polished or glib) during the interview. Don't worry. If you're well prepared, you'll sound smooth and articulate, not canned. And if you're not so well prepared, the anxiety of the situation will eliminate any "canned" quality.

16. Make the most of the "Tell me about yourself" question.
Many interviewers begin interviews with this question. So how should you respond? You can go into a story about where you were born, what your parents do, how many brothers and sisters and dogs and cats you have, and that's okay. But would you rather have the interviewer writing down what kind of dog you have – or why the company should hire you?

Consider responding to this question with something like: "Well, obviously I could tell you about lots of things, and if I'm missing what you want, please let me know. But the three things I think are most important for you to know about me are [your selling points]. I can expand on those a little if you'd like." Interviewers will always say, "Sure, go ahead." Then you say, "Well, regarding the first point, [give your example]. And when I was working for [company], I [example of another selling point]." Etc. This strategy enables you to focus the first 10-15 minutes of the interview on all of your key selling points. The "Tell me about yourself" question is a golden opportunity. Don't miss it!

17. Speak the right body language.
Dress appropriately, make eye contact, give a firm handshake, have good posture, speak clearly, and don't wear perfume or cologne! Sometimes interview locations are small rooms that may lack good air circulation. You want the interviewer paying attention to your job qualifications -- not passing out because you've come in wearing Chanel No. 5 and the candidate before you was doused with Brut, and the two have mixed to form a poisonous gas that results in you not getting an offer!

18. Be ready for "behavior-based" interviews".
One of the most common interview styles today is to ask people to describe experiences they have had that demonstrate behaviors that the company thinks are important for a particular position. You might be asked to talk about a time when you made an unpopular decision, displayed a high level of persistence, or made a decision under time pressure and with limited information, for example.

Step 1 is to anticipate the behaviors this hiring manager is likely to be looking for. Step 2 is to identify at least one example of when you demonstrated each behavior. Step 3 is to prepare a story for each example. Many people recommend using SAR (Situation-Action-Result) as a model for the story. Step 4 is to practice telling the story. Also, make sure to review your resume before the interview with this kind of format in mind; this can help you to remember examples of behaviors you may not have anticipated in advance.

19. Send thank-you notes.
Write a thank-you note after every interview. Type each note on paper or send them by email, depending on the interviewers' preferences. Customize your notes by referring specifically to what you and the interviewer discussed; for example, "I was particularly excited about [or interested by, or glad to hear] what you said about ..." Handwritten notes might be better if you're thanking a personal contact for helping you in your job search, or if the company you're interviewing with is based in Europe. Whatever method you choose, notes should be sent within 48 hours of the interview.

To write a good thank-you note, you'll need to take time after each interview to jot down a few things about what the interviewer said. Also, write down what you could have done better in the interview, and make adjustments before you head off for your next interview.

20. Don't give up!
If you've had a bad interview for a job that you truly think would be a great fit for you (not just something you want badly), don't give up! Write a note, send an email, or call the interviewer to let him or her know that you think you did a poor job of communicating why you think this job would be a good match. Reiterate what you have to offer the company, and say that you'd like an opportunity to contribute. Whether this strategy will get you a job offer depends on the company and on you. But one thing's for sure: If you don't try, your chances are exactly zero. We've seen this approach work on numerous occasions, and we encourage you to give it that last shot.

If you follow the above 20 strategies, you'll be as prepared as any candidate an interviewer has ever seen.  start your new career today. Good luck!

Tips for writing a CV or Résumé

Top tips for writing a CV or résumé

(In American English, a summary of your work history is typically known as a résumé; however, in British English, the word CV (the abbreviation of curriculum vitae) is preferred. For the purposes of this article, we will use the word CV to refer to both.)

First impressions are crucial. When you meet people, you weigh them up within seconds. Are they organized, dynamic, trustworthy? Employers reading your CV effectively ‘meet’ you for the first time. They ask themselves the same questions about you and make their decision within seconds.

That is why making the right first impression with your CV is crucial.

1 Make your CV easy to read

Research shows that one thing recruiters  expect in a CV is ease of reading. By making yours easy to read, you are demonstrating a valuable transferable skill from the outset: the ability to present information in a coherent, appealing manner. Ways of making your CV easy to read include:

• a brief summary of where you are now and where you want to go
• short sentences and paragraphs
• clear headings for the standard parts of the CV
• good use of bullet points
• appropriate typefaces

2 Use language employers want to hear

The key points you write about your experience and skills must match those required for the job as advertised. Mirror key terms used in the ad, but avoid repeating word for word what the ad says. Find the right ‘tone of voice’. Your language does not need to be overly formal—but do not be too informal either. And avoid unnecessary jargon.

3 Presentation is everything

Think of your CV as an advertising brochure: it is advertising you. It should be as visually attractive as you can make it. At the very least, it has to be neat and tidy. Using lots of different typefaces will make it look cluttered and untidy. Choosing the right type size is also important.

And never print your CV double-sided.

4 Be concise yet informative

The standard length for a CV is two pages (on separate sheets). If you write more than that, for most jobs it is unlikely to be read. However, if you have more than 10 years of work experience, your CV may be longer. Your challenge is to condense your experience, career history, skills, and talents in the most effective way.

Every word you use has to count, has to have a purpose. In a CV, short is good. Short words, short sentences, short paragraphs.

5 Edit your CV with a fine-tooth comb

Employers automatically reject a CV containing spelling mistakes or typos. This is fact, not just a myth invented by teachers and lecturers. That means you must make sure your CV is absolutely typo-free and has correct grammar.

And do not rely on spellcheckers. They accept things like ‘there responsibilities include’ instead of ‘their responsibilities’.

6 Dynamic verbs make a good impression

Your CV should make it clear what you have achieved to date. That will give employers a clue about what you will be able to achieve. active, dynamic verbs put the emphasis on your achievements.

For example, ‘I devised and implemented a new system’ makes your active role very clear. Writing ‘I was responsible for a new system’ would be ambiguous: did you invent it, or did you merely manage it?

7 Know what to include, what to exclude 

There is no set pattern for CVs, but they all must include certain things, such as personal details and skills and qualifications.

• You are not obliged to include your interests, though people usually do.
• However, if you can present them in a way that highlights skills relevant to the job, including them is beneficial.
• It is not necessary to state your nationality.
• You do not have to give the names of referees at this stage, unless the ad specifically requests them.
• Depending on the level of job applied for, if you have already had a couple of jobs or so, you do not have to elaborate on your performance at university or college.

8 Decide what type of CV suits you

There are three main types:

1. Chronological, which lists your career history in reverse chronological order, with your current job described first.
2. Functional, which concentrates on your experience and transferable skills.
3. A one-page summary, which condenses your career history and  dynamically summarizes your key strengths.

What is the difference between a resume and a CV?

The Difference Between a Resume and a Curriculum Vitae

What is the difference between a resume and a CV? The primary differences between a resume and a curriculum vitae are length, what is included, and what each is used for. While both are used in job applications, a resume and a CV are not always interchangeable.

Most resumes  are competency-based: they are personal marketing documents intended to showcase the candidate’s skills, notable achievements, and work experience to the greatest advantage.  CVs, submitted for jobs in academia, scientific research, and medical fields, are credential-based, providing a comprehensive (and often lengthy) listing of one’s education, certifications, research experience, and professional affiliations and memberships.  

What Is a Curriculum Vitae?

A curriculum vitae (CV) provides a summary of your experience and skills. Typically, CVs for entry-level candidates are longer than resumes – at least two or three pages. CVs for mid-level candidates who have amassed numerous publications tend to run much longer.

CVs include extensive information on your academic background, including teaching experience, degrees, research, awards, publications, presentations, and other achievements. CVs are thus lengthier than resumes, and include more information, particularly details related to one’s academic and research background.

What is a CV Summary

A curriculum vitae summary is a one-to-two-page, condensed version of a full curriculum vitae. A CV summary is a way to quickly and concisely convey one’s skills and qualifications. Sometimes large organizations will initially ask for a one-page CV summary when they expect a large pool of applicants.

What to Include in Your Curriculum Vitae

Your curriculum vitae should include your name, contact information, education, skills, and experience.

In addition to the basics, a CV includes research and teaching experience, publications, grants and fellowships, professional associations and licenses, awards, and other information relevant to the position you are applying for.

Start by making a list of all your background information, and then organize it into categories.

What Is a Resume?

A resume provides a summary of your education, work history, credentials, and other accomplishments and skills. There are also optional sections, including a resume objective and career summary statement. Resumes are the most common document requested of applicants in job applications.

A resume should be as concise as possible. Typically, a resume is one page long, although sometimes it can be as long as two pages.

Resume often include bulleted lists to keep information concise.

Resumes come in a few types, including chronological , functional, and combinations format Select a format that best fits the type of job you are applying for.