Depression

While we all feel sad, moody or low from time to time, some people experience these feelings intensely, for long periods of time (weeks, months or even years) and sometimes without any apparent reason. Depression is more than just a low mood – it's a serious condition that has an impact on both physical and mental health. 

Depression is common

In any one year, around one million people in Australia experience depression. One in six women and one in eight men will experience depression at some time in their life. The good news is, depression is treatable and effective treatments are available. The sooner a person with depression seeks support, the sooner they can recover.

Symptoms of depression

Depression affects how people think, feel and act. Depression makes it more difficult to manage from day to day and interferes with study, work and relationships. A person may be depressed if for more than two weeks they have felt sad, down or miserable most of the time or have lost interest or pleasure in most of their usual activities, and have also experienced several of the signs and symptoms across at least three of the categories in the list below. It’s important to note, everyone experiences some of these symptoms from time to time and it may not necessarily mean a person is depressed. Equally, not every person who is experiencing depression will have all of these symptoms.  

Feelings caused by depression

A person with depression may feel:

·         sad 

·         miserable

·         unhappy

·         irritable

·         overwhelmed

·         guilty

·         frustrated

·         lacking in confidence

·         indecisive

·         unable to concentrate

·         disappointed.

Thoughts caused by depression

A person with depression may have thoughts such as:

·         ‘I’m a failure.’

·         ‘It’s my fault.’

·         ‘Nothing good ever happens to me.’

·         ‘I’m worthless.’

·         ‘There is nothing good in my life.’

·         ‘Things will never change.’

·         ‘Life’s not worth living.’

·         ‘People would be better off without me.’

Behavioural symptoms of depression

A person with depression may:

·         withdraw from close family and friends

·         stop going out

·         stop their usual enjoyable activities

·         not get things done at work or school

·         rely on alcohol and sedatives.

Physical symptoms of depression

A person with depression may experience:

·         being tired all the time

·         feeling sick and ‘run down’

·         frequent headaches, stomach or muscle pains

·         a churning gut

·         sleep problems

·         loss or change of appetite

·         significant weight loss or gain.

Causes of depression

While the exact cause of depression isn’t known, a number of things can be associated with its development. Generally, depression does not result from a single event, but from a combination of biological, psychological, social and lifestyle factors.

Personal factors that can lead to depression

Personal factors that can lead to a risk of depression include:

·         family history – depression can run in families and some people will be at an increased genetic risk. However, this doesn’t mean that a person will automatically experience depression if a parent or close relative has had the condition.

·         personality – some people may be more at risk because of their personality, particularly if they tend to worry a lot, have low self-esteem, are perfectionists, are sensitive to personal criticism, or are self-critical and negative

·         serious medical conditions – these can trigger depression in two ways. Serious conditions can bring about depression directly or can contribute to depression through the associated stress and worry, especially if it involves long-term management of a condition or chronic pain

·         drug and alcohol use – can both lead to and result from depression. Many people with depression also have drug and alcohol problems. 

Life events and depression

Research suggests that continuing difficulties, such as long-term unemployment, living in an abusive or uncaring relationship, long-term isolation or loneliness or prolonged exposure to stress at work can increase the risk of depression. 

Significant adverse life events, such as losing a job, going through a separation or divorce, or being diagnosed with a serious illness, may also trigger depression, particularly among people who are already at risk because of genetic, developmental or other personal factors.

Changes in the brain

Although there has been a lot of research in this complex area, there is still much that we do not know. Depression is not simply the result of a chemical imbalance, for example because a person has too much or not enough of a particular brain chemical. However, disturbances in normal chemical messaging processes between nerve cells in the brain are believed to contribute to depression. 

Some factors that can lead to faulty mood regulation in the brain include:

·         genetic vulnerability

·         severe life stressors

·         taking some medications, drugs and alcohol

·         some medical conditions.

Most modern antidepressants have an effect on the brain’s chemical transmitters, in particular serotonin and noradrenaline, which relay messages between brain cells. This is thought to be how medications work for depression. 

Other medical treatments such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may sometimes be recommended for people with severe depression who have not recovered with lifestyle change, social support, psychological therapy and medication. While these treatments also have an impact on the brain’s chemical messaging process between nerve cells, the precise ways in which these treatments work is still being researched.  

Seek support for symptoms of depression

Depression is often not recognised and can go on for months or even years if left untreated. It’s important to seek support as early as possible, as the sooner a person gets treatment, the sooner they can recover. 

Untreated depression can have many negative effects on a person’s life, including serious relationship and family problems, difficulty finding and holding down a job, and drug and alcohol problems. 

There is no one proven way that people recover from depression. However, there is a range of effective treatments and health professionals who can help people on the road to recovery. 

There are also many things that people with depression can do for themselves to help them recover and stay well. The important thing is to find the right treatment and the right health professional for a person’s needs.

Types of depression

There are different types of depression. The symptoms for each can range from relatively minor through to severe. 

Major depression

Major depression, or major depressive disorder is the technical term used by health professionals and researchers to describe the most common type of depression. Other terms sometimes used include unipolar depression or clinical depression. 

Depression can be described as mild, moderate or severe.

Melancholia

Melancholia is an older term for depression and is still sometimes used to describe a more severe form of depression with a strong biological basis, where many of the physical symptoms of depression are particularly evident. For example, one of the major changes is that the person can be observed to move more slowly, or to be experiencing significant changes to their sleep pattern and appetite. 

A person with melancholia is also more likely to have a depressed mood that is characterised by complete loss of pleasure in everything or almost everything.

Dysthymia

The symptoms of dysthymia (sometimes called Persistent Depressive Disorder) are similar to those of major depression, but are less severe and more persistent. A person has to have this milder depression for more than two years to be diagnosed with dysthymia.

Psychotic depression

Sometimes, people with a depressive condition can lose touch with reality. This can involve hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not there) or delusions (false beliefs that are not shared by others), such as believing they are bad or evil, or that they are being watched or followed or that everyone is against them. This is known as psychotic depression.

Antenatal and postnatal depression

Women are at an increased risk of depression during pregnancy (known as the antenatal or prenatal period) and in the year following childbirth (known as the postnatal period). This time frame (the period covered by pregnancy and the first year after the baby’s birth) may also be referred to as the perinatal period.

The causes of depression at this time can be complex and are often the result of a combination of factors. In the days immediately following birth, many women experience the ‘baby blues’, which is a common condition related to hormonal changes, affecting up to 80 per cent of women who have given birth. 

The ‘baby blues’, or the general stress of adjusting to pregnancy or a new baby, are common experiences, but are different from depression. 

Depression is longer lasting and can affect not only the mother, but her relationship with her baby, the child’s development, the mother’s relationship with her partner and with other members of the family.

Up to one in 10 women will experience depression during pregnancy. This increases to 16 per cent in the first three months after having a baby.

Bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder used to be known as ‘manic depression’ because the person experiences periods of depression and periods of mania with periods of normal mood in between. The symptoms of mania are opposite to the symptoms of depression and can vary in intensity. They include:

·         feeling great

·         having plenty of energy

·         racing thoughts

·         little need for sleep

·         talking fast

·         having difficulty focusing on tasks

·         feeling frustrated and irritable. 

This is not just a fleeting experience. Sometimes, the person loses touch with reality and experiences hallucinations or delusions, particularly about their ideas, abilities or importance. A family history of bipolar disorder can increase a person’s risk of experiencing bipolar disorder. 

Because bipolar disorder includes periods of depression, it is not uncommon for a person with bipolar disorder to be misdiagnosed as having major depression until they have a manic or hypomanic episode. Bipolar disorder can also sometimes be confused with other mental health conditions such as schizophrenia. 

The treatment for bipolar disorder is often different to that for major depression. It is therefore important to check for this condition whenever a person is being assessed for depression. 

Cyclothymic disorder

Cyclothymic disorder is an uncommon condition which is often described as a milder form of bipolar disorder. The person experiences chronic fluctuating moods over at least two years, involving periods of hypomania (a mild to moderate level of mania) and periods of depressive symptoms, with very short periods (no more than two months) of normality between. 

The symptoms last for a shorter time, are less severe, and are not as regular, so they don’t fit the criteria of bipolar disorder or major depression.

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

SAD is a mood disorder that has a seasonal pattern. The cause is unclear, but may be related to the variation in light exposure in different seasons. SAD is characterised by mood disturbances (either periods of depression or mania) that begin and end in a particular season. Depression in winter only is the most common way in which people experience SAD. 

SAD is usually diagnosed after the person has had the same symptoms during winter for two or more years. People with SAD are more likely to experience lack of energy, sleep too much, overeat, gain weight and crave carbohydrates. 

SAD is rare in Australia, and more likely to be found in countries with short days and longer periods of darkness, such as the cold climate in the Northern Hemisphere.

What is depression?

What is depression?

While we all feel sad, moody or low from time to time, some people experience these feelings intensely, for long periods of time (weeks, months or even years) and sometimes without any apparent reason. Depression is more than just a low mood – it's a serious condition that affects your physical and mental health.

·         Depression is a constant feeling of sadness and loss of interest, which stops you doing your normal activities.

·         Different types of depression exist, with symptoms ranging from relatively minor to severe.

·         Generally, depression does not result from a single event, but from a mix of events and factors.

·         If you feel depressed, see your doctor. Don’t delay. Seeking support early can help stop symptoms becoming worse.

What causes depression?

While we don’t know exactly what causes depression, a number of things are often linked to its development. Depression usually results from a combination of recent events and other longer-term or personal factors, rather than one immediate issue or event.

Life events

Research suggests that continuing difficulties – long-term unemployment, living in an abusive or uncaring relationship, long-term isolation or loneliness, prolonged work stress – are more likely to cause depression than recent life stresses. However, recent events (such as losing your job) or a combination of events can ‘trigger' depression if you’re already at risk because of previous bad experiences or personal factors.

Personal factors

·         Family history – Depression can run in families and some people will be at an increased genetic risk. However, having a parent or close relative with depression doesn’t mean you’ll automatically have the same experience. Life circumstances and other personal factors are still likely to have an important influence.

·         Personality – Some people may be more at risk of depression because of their personality, particularly if they have a tendency to worry a lot, have low self-esteem, are perfectionists, are sensitive to personal criticism, or are self-critical and negative.

·         Serious medical illness – The stress and worry of coping with a serious illness can lead to depression, especially if you’re dealing with long-term management and/or chronic pain.

·         Drug and alcohol use – Drug and alcohol use can both lead to and result from depression. Many people with depression also have drug and alcohol problems. Over 500,000 Australians will experience depression and a substance use disorder at the same time, at some point in their lives.¹

Changes in the brain

Although there’s been a lot of research in this complex area, there’s still much we don’t know. Depression is not simply the result of a ‘chemical imbalance’, for example because you have too much or not enough of a particular brain chemical. It’s complicated, and there are multiple causes of major depression. Factors such as genetic vulnerability, severe life stressors, substances you may take (some medications, drugs and alcohol) and medical conditions can affect the way your brain regulates your moods.

Most MODERN ANTIDEPRESSANTS have an effect on your brain’s chemical transmitters (serotonin and noradrenaline), which relay messages between brain cells – this is thought to be how medications work for more severe depression. Psychological treatment can also help you to regulate your moods.

Effective treatment can stimulate the growth of new nerve cells in circuits that regulate your mood, which is thought to play a critical part in recovering from the most severe episodes of depression.

Remember ...

Everyone’s different and it's often a combination of factors that can contribute to developing depression. It's important to remember that you can't always identify the cause of depression or change difficult circumstances. The most important thing is to recognise the  signs and  symptoms and seek suport .

 

 

Depression: Do You Know the Symptoms?

• Feeling sad, anxious, or empty
• Feeling hopeless or pessimistic
• Feeling guilty, worthless, or helpless
• Not enjoying things you used to enjoy
• Trouble with concentration, memory, or making decisions
• Sleeping too much or too little
• Appetite changes
• Gaining or losing weight
• Feeling restless or irritable
• Thoughts of  suicide or death
•  

.

What is anxiety?/chapter-2

What to know about anxiety

Anxiety is a normal and often healthy emotion. However, when a person regularly feels disproportionate levels of anxiety, it might become a medical disorder.

What is anxiety?

an emotion characterized by feelings of tension, worried thoughts and physical changes like increased blood pressure."

Knowing the difference between normal feelings of anxiety and an anxiety disorder requiring medical attention can help a person identify and treat the condition.

In this article, we look at the differences between anxiety and anxiety disorder, the different types of anxiety, and the available treatment options.

Anxiety

When an individual faces potentially harmful or worrying triggers, feelings of anxiety are not only normal but necessary for survival.

Since the earliest days of humanity, the approach of predators and incoming danger sets off alarms in the body and allows evasive action. These alarms become noticeable in the form of a raised heartbeat, sweating, and increased sensitivity to surroundings.

The danger causes a rush of adrenalin, a hormone and chemical messenger in the brain, which in turn triggers these anxious reactions in a process called the "fight-or-flight' response. This prepares humans to physically confront or flee any potential threats to safety.

Anxiety disorders

The duration or severity of an anxious feeling can sometimes be out of proportion to the original trigger, or stressor. Physical symptoms, such as increased blood pressure and nausea, may also develop. These responses move beyond anxiety into an anxiety disorder.

Symptoms

While a number of different diagnoses constitute anxiety disorders, the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) will often include the following:

·         restlessness, and a feeling of being "on-edge"

·         uncontrollable feelings of worry

·         increased irritability

·         concentration difficulties

 Causes

The causes of anxiety disorders are complicated. Many might occur at once, some may lead to others, and some might not lead to an anxiety disorder unless another is present.

Possible causes include:

·         environmental stressors, such as difficulties at work, relationship problems, or family issues

·         genetics, as people who have family members with an anxiety disorder are more likely to experience one themselves

·         medical factors, such as the symptoms of a different disease, the effects of a medication, or the stress of an intensive surgery or prolonged recovery

·         brain chemistry, as psychologists define many anxiety disorders as misalignments of hormones and electrical signals in the brain

·         withdrawal from an illicit substance, the effects of which might intensify the impact of other possible causes

Self-treatment

In some cases, a person can treat an anxiety disorder at home without clinical supervision. However, this may not be effective for severe or long-term anxiety disorders.

There are several exercises and actions to help a person cope with milder, more focused, or shorter-term anxiety disorders, including:

·         Stress management: Learning to manage stress can help limit potential triggers. Organize any upcoming pressures and deadlines, compile lists to make daunting tasks more manageable, and commit to taking time off from study or work.

·         Relaxation techniques: Simple activities can help soothe the mental and physical signs of anxiety. These techniques include meditation, deep breathing exercises, long baths, resting in the dark, and yoga

·         Exercises to replace negative thoughts with positive ones: Make a list of the negative thoughts that might be cycling as a result of anxiety, and write down another list next to it containing positive, believable thoughts to replace them. Creating a mental image of successfully facing and conquering a specific fear can also provide benefits if anxiety symptoms relate to a specific cause, such as in a phobia.

·         Support network: Talk with familiar people who are supportive, such as a family member or friend. Support group services may also be available in the local area and online.

·         Exercise: Physical exertion can improve self-image and release chemicals in the brain that trigger positive feelings.

Root Word Agogue

: Agogue Root Word
Agogue root word comes from the Greek word-agōgos, from agein which means ”to lead”. There are two meanings or interpretations of this Agogue Word Root –
1. A person or a thing that incites or leads something.
2. Any substance that stimulates the secretion of something.

To understand this Agogue root word better, let’s have a look at the word pedagogue.

Pedagogue breaks down into:
Peda: Children
Agogue: Leader or teacher
Peda+ agogue: teacher of the children

Example Sentence- Most of the pedagogues rely on text books rather than adopting new methods of teaching.

In medical terms, agogue root word is used on the words like cholagogue .

Cholagogue breaks down into:
chola:bile
agogue:leads
chola+agogue: an agent which promotes the flow of bile into the intestine.
Example Sentence – As he was having severe stomach ache he was given some cholagogue for relief.Agogue Root Word: Learn words related to word root Agogue


Let’s learn more words based on Agogue Root Word:

1. Andragogy: Methods used to teach adults
2. Demagogue: leader of the people
3. Demagogic, Demagogical: Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of a demagogue
4. Ethnagogue: A leader of Nation
5. Epagoge, Epagogic: Method of bringing forward a number of particular instances to lead to a general conclusion; argument by induction
6. Mystagogue-: A teacher of mystical doctrines especially religious ones
7. Secretagogue: An agent that promotes secretion
8. Antisialagogue: Medicine which stops or reduces secretion of saliva
9. Hemagogic: Promoting the flow of blood
10. Hemagogue: An agent that promotes the flow of blood
11. Holagogue: A medicine reputed to expel all morbid humors
12. Pedagogue: A teacher of children
13. Pedagoguette : School mistress.
14. Psychagogue : Who leads the mind
15. Xenagogy : Guidebook for tourists or visitors
16. Demonagogue : A means of expelling a demon
17. Synergagogist : An educator who motivates learners

We hope your learning has been immense of Agogue root word through this article. The key to memorize difficult words is to re-read them over and over. Have a great time enriching your vocabulary.

Self-help group (finance)

A self-help group (SHG) is a financial intermediary committee usually composed of 10–20 local women or men. Most self-help groups are located in India, though SHGs can be found in other countries, especially in South Asia and Southeast Asia.SHG is nothing but a group of people who are on daily wages, they form a group and from that group one person collects the money and gives the money to the person who is in need

Members also make small regular savings contributions over a few months until there is enough money in the group to begin lending. Funds may then be lent back to the members or to others in the village for any purpose. In India, many SHGs are 'linked' to banks for the delivery of micro-credit.

Structure

An SHG may be registered or unregistered. It typically comprises a group of micro entrepreneurs having homogeneous social and economic backgrounds, all voluntarily coming together to save regular small sums of money, mutually agreeing to contribute to a common fund and to meet their emergency needs on the basis of mutual help. They pool their resources to become financially stable, taking loans from the money collected by that group and by making everybody in that group self-employed. The group members use collective wisdom and peer pressure to ensure proper end-use of credit and timely repayment. This system eliminates the need for collateral and is closely related to that of solidarity lending, widely used by microfinance institutions. To make the bookkeeping simple, flat interest rates are used for most loan calculations.

Goals

Self-help groups are started by -governmental organizations (GO) that generally have broad anti-poverty agendas. Self-help groups are seen as instruments for goals including empowering women, developing leadership abilities among poor and the needy people, increasing school enrolments and improving nutrition and the use of birth control. In countries like India, SHGs bridge the gap between high-caste & low-caste people /citizens.

NABARD's 'SHG Bank Linkage' program

Many self-help groups, especially in India, under NABARD's 'SHG Bank Linkage' program, borrow from banks once they have accumulated a base of their own capital. This model has attracted attention as a possible way of delivering micro-finance services to poor populations that have been difficult to reach directly through banks or other institutions. "By aggregating their individual savings into a single deposit, self-help groups minimize the bank's transaction costs and generate an attractive volume of deposits. Through self-help groups the bank can serve small rural depositors while paying them a market rate of interest.

NABARD estimates that there are 2.2 million SHGs in India, representing 33 million members, that have taken loans from banks under its linkage program to date.

Advantages of financing through SHGs

• An economically poor individual gains strength as part of a group.
• Besides, financing through SHGs reduces transaction costs for both lenders and borrowers.
• While lenders have to handle only a triple SHG account instead of a large number of small-sized individual accounts, borrowers as part of an SHG minimise expenses on travel (to and from the branch and other places) for completing paper work and on the loss of workdays in canvassing for loans.
• Where successful, SHGs have significantly empowered poor people, especially women, in rural areas.
• SHGs have helped immensely in reducing the influence of informal lenders in rural areas.
• Many big corporate houses are also promoting SHGs at many places in India.
• SHGs help borrowers overcome the problem of lack of collateral. Women can discuss their problem and find solutions for it.