Common Latin and Greek roots

Introduction

Many English words are formed by taking basic words and adding combinations of prefixes and suffixes to them. A basic word to which affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are added is called a root word because it forms the basis of a new word. The root word is also a word in its own right. For example, the word lovely consists of the word love and the suffix -ly.

In contrast, a root is the basis of a new word, but it does not typically form a stand-alone word on its own. For example, the word reject is made up of the prefix re- and the Latin root ject, which is not a stand-alone word.

Common Latin and Greek roots

 Latin Roots chart below.

Common Latin Roots
Latin Root	Definition	Examples
ambi	both	ambiguous, ambidextrous
aqua	water	aquarium, aquamarine
aud	to hear	audience, audition
bene	good	benefactor, benevolent
cent	one hundred	century, percent
circum	around	circumference, circumstance
contra/counter	against	contradict, encounter
dict	to say	dictation, dictator
duc/duct	to lead	conduct, induce
fac	to do; to make	factory, manufacture
form	shape	conform, reform
fort	strength	fortitude, fortress
fract	to break	fracture, fraction
ject	throw	projection, rejection
jud	judge	judicial, prejudice
mal	bad	malevolent, malefactor
mater	mother	material, maternity
mit	to send	transmit, admit
mort	death	mortal, mortician
multi	many	multimedia, multiple
pater	father	paternal, paternity
port	to carry	portable, transportation
rupt	to break	bankrupt, disruption
scrib/scribe	to write	inscription, prescribe
sect/sec	to cut	bisect, section
sent	to feel; to send	consent, resent
spect	to look	inspection, spectator
struct	to build	destruction, restructure
vid/vis	to see	video, televise
voc	voice; to call	vocalize, advocate

 Common Greek Roots chart below.

Common Greek Roots
Greek Root	Definition	Examples
anthropo	man; human; humanity	anthropologist, philanthropy
auto	self	autobiography, automobile
bio	life	biology, biography
chron	time	chronological, chronic
dyna	power	dynamic, dynamite
dys	bad; hard; unlucky	dysfunctional, dyslexic
gram	thing written	epigram, telegram
graph	writing	graphic, phonograph
hetero	different	heteronym, heterogeneous
homo	same	homonym, homogenous
hydr	water	hydration, dehydrate
hypo	below; beneath	hypothermia, hypothetical
logy	study of	biology, psychology
meter/metr	measure	thermometer, perimeter
micro	small	microbe, microscope
mis/miso	hate	misanthrope, misogyny
mono	one	monologue, monotonous
morph	form; shape	morphology, morphing
nym	name	antonym, synonym
phil	love	philanthropist, philosophy
phobia	fear	claustrophobia, phobic
phon	sound	phone, symphony
photo/phos	light	photograph, phosphorous
pseudo	false	pseudonym, pseudoscience
psycho	soul; spirit	psychology, psychic
scope	viewing instrument	microscope, telescope
techno	art; science; skill	technique, technological
tele	far off	television, telephone
therm	heat	thermal, thermometer

Affixes

One method of understanding the meanings of new words is to analyze the different parts of the word and the meanings of those parts. Many new words are formed by adding an affix to the beginning or end of a Latin or Greek root or root word. When affixes are added to the beginning of roots or root words, they are called prefixes For example, the most common prefix is un-, which meant not oropposite of. If you add un- to the word happy, the new word becomes unhappy, which means not happy. When affixes are added to the end of roots or root words, they are called suffixes. The most common suffixes are -s and -es, which mean more than one (or the plural) of the word. Adding -es to wish, changes the meaning o the word tomore than one wish.

 Common Prefixes chart below.

Common Prefixes
Prefix	Definition	Examples
anti-	against	anticlimax
de-	opposite	devalue
dis-	not; opposite of	discover
en-, em-	cause to	enact, empower
fore-	before; front of	foreshadow, forearm
in-, im-	in	income, impulse
in-, im-, il-, ir-	not	indirect, immoral, illiterate, irreverent
inter-	between; among	interrupt
mid-	middle	midfield
mis-	wrongly	misspell
non-	not	nonviolent
over-	over; too much	overeat
pre-	before	preview
re-	again	rewrite
semi-	half; partly; not fully	semifinal
sub-	under	subway
super-	above; beyond	superhuman
trans-	across	transmit
un-	not; opposite of	unusual
under-	under; too little	underestimate

Common Suffixes chart below.

Common Suffixes
Suffix	Definition	Examples
-able, -ible	is; can be	affordable, sensible
-al, -ial	having characteristics of	universal, facial
-ed	past tense verbs; adjectives	the dog walked, the walked dog
-en	made of	golden
-er, -or	one who; person connected with	teacher, professor
-er	more	taller
-est	the most	tallest
-ful	full of	helpful
-ic	having characteristics of	poetic
-ing	verb forms; present participles	sleeping
-ion, -tion, -ation, -tion	act; process	submission, motion, relation, edition
-ity, -ty	state of	activity, society
-ive, -ative, -itive	adjective form of noun	active, comparative, sensitive
-less	without	hopeless
-ly	how something is	lovely
-ment	state of being; act of	contentment
-ness	state of; condition of	openness
-ous, -eous, -ious	having qualities of	riotous, courageous, gracious
-s, -es	more than one	trains, trenches
-y	characterized by	gloomy

What Are Adjectives ?

What Are  Adjectives ?

Adjectives are words that are used to describe or modify nouns or pronouns. For example, red, quick, happy, and obnoxious are adjectives because they can describe things—a red hat, the quick rabbit, a happy duck, an obnoxious person.  

adjectives are used to identify or quantify individual people and unique things, they are usually positioned before the noun or pronoun that they modify. Some sentences contain multiple adjectives.

Adjective Examples

In the following examples, the highlighted words are adjectives

1.    They live in a big, beautiful

2.    Since it’s a hot day, Lisa is wearing a sleeveless

3.    The mountaintops are covered in sparkling

4.    On her birthday, Brenda received an antique vase filled with fragrant

5.   Their house is beautiful.
That film looks interesting.

6.   Adjectives 1

Adjective placement

In relation to nouns

In general, an adjective goes before the noun it modifies, it most cases it will precede the noun, unless special emphasis on the adjective is needed. In a pair of words, the second is usually perceived to have greater emphasis. So, in these examples, the noun has the most emphasis:

old dog
burnt trees

And in these, the adjective is emphasized:

songs half-heard
words unspoken

Adjectives that come after the nouns they modify are postpositive adjectives. These are rare in English, but there are a few adjectives that are always postpositive (galore, extraordinaire), and adjectives are sometimes postpositive when the writer wants to sound poetic.

Adjective Order

As most adjectives are placed before the noun that they are modifying, there are some general rules for deciding in which order to list multiple adjectives. The general guidelines are as follows:

1.       Opinion or quality – such as beautiful or priceless

2.      Number or quantity – such as few, an or three

3.      Size – such as gargantuan or petite

4.      Shape – such as square or oblong

5.      Age – such as young or aged

6.      Color – such as red, pink or ash

7.      Origin – such as Greek or Dutch

8.      Material – such as wooden or plastic

9.      Qualifier – the qualifier is an adjective that denotes the item’s type or purpose, some examples are evening bag and cooking pot

Demonstrative adjectives

Demonstrative adjectives are used to indicate a particular noun or pronoun in a sentences. The demonstrative adjective is helpful when two or more people or things are being referenced, and the writer wants to clearly pinpoint which person or thing is meant. Some examples of the use of demonstrative adjectives:

this dog bit my toe, but that dog licked my face

these clothes have been washed, those clothes are still dirty

With possessives

When an adjective is used to describe a noun denoting something owned, the adjective should follow the possessive noun or pronoun:

my sister’s yellow watch
the girls’ blue shoes
her husband’s warm embrace

Possessive adjectives

The possessive adjective, also known as a possessive determiner, is used to indicate ownership, or it may indicate a close relationship. Possessive adjectives are whose, my, your, our, its, her, his, their. Possessive adjectives differ from possessive pronouns. Remember, a possessive adjective modifies a noun. A possessive pronoun is used in the place of a noun.

Introducing the subject

An adjective, especially a participial adjective, may introduce the subject of a sentence. Such an adjective is usually set apart by a comma:

Running, she made it home in time.

Big and white, the birds land recklessly.

With such sentences, make sure the introductory adjective applies directly to the noun it modifies. Otherwise, the adjective becomes a dangler—for example:

Playing video games, the hours just flew by.

The subject of this sentence is the hours, and it’s not the hours that are playing video games. Most English speakers would infer the meaning of this sentence, but it is nevertheless poorly formed.

Predicate adjectives

A predicate adjective is a descriptive word that, along with a linking verb, functions as the predicate of a sentence. The underlined words in the below examples are predicate adjectives, each applying to the subject of its sentence:

The kittens were unimpressed.

The sky was multicolored.

The stove is very clean.

The haughty bureaucrats visiting the magical village in the middle of the forest on the second day of the Year of the Rat were distracted.

Comparative and superlative adjectives

In English, there are three degrees of adjectives:

1.       Positive adjectives (e.g., rich): express a quality of an object without comparing it to anything else.

2.      Comparative adjectives (e.g., richer): compare two things or groups of things.

3.      Superlative adjectives (e.g., richest): express that one thing has a quality to a greater degree than two or more other things.

Forming comparatives and superlatives

1.       For comparing two things, the -est suffix is never appropriate, though this rule is often broken in informal speech and writing.

2.      To create a comparative or superlative adjective out of a single-syllable adjective ending in a single vowel followed by a single consonant, double the vowel and add the suffix—e.g., fat, fatter, fattest.

3.      When the positive adjective ends in a silent e, remove the e and add the suffix—e.g., late, later, latest.

4.      Adjectives of three or more syllables use more and most instead of -er and -est—e.g., familiar, more familiar, most familiar.

5.      Some adjectives of two syllables also take more and most—e.g., active, more active, most active. Some use the comparative and superlative suffixes—e.g., shabby, shabbier, shabbiest. There is no easy way to know which words fall into which category, so they must be memorized.

6.      Participles used as adjectives take more and most instead of -er and -est—e.g, outmoded, more outmoded, most outmoded; boring, more boring, most boring.

Irregular comparative and superlative adjectives

A few adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative forms. These are the most common:

§  bad, worse, worst

§  far, farther/further, farthest/furthest

§  good, better, best

§  old (referring to people), elder, eldest

Participial adjectives

A participial adjective is a past participle (i.e., an -ed word) or present participle (an -ing word) that functions as an adjective. Participial adjectives work like any other type of adjective. For example, the participle in each of these phrases modifies the noun that follows:

the emptied boxes
a flashing light
the undulating waves
the crashed jetliner

When a participial adjective appears before the main clause of a sentence, the participle should come directly before the noun in the main clause. Otherwise, it becomes a dangler. For example, this is troublesome:

Once emptied, we put the boxes in the basement.

With this construction, the participial adjective emptied applies to the pronoun we, and we is obviously not what emptied is supposed to apply to. One way to revise this sentence would be,

Once the boxes were empty, we put them in the basement.

Proper adjectives

A proper adjective is an adjective derived from a proper noun. They usually begin with capital letters—for example:

Iranian embassy
Spanish galleon
Napoleonic warfare
Germanic tribes
Australian dollar

A noun modified by a proper adjective should not be capitalized. For example, Iranian Embassy and Spanish Galleon are incorrect.

In general, it’s best to avoid using a place name as an adjective when the name contains more than one word. You can get away with phrases like New York minute or San Francisco fog, but, especially when the name has a comma, using it as an adjective makes the sentence difficult—for example:

Nirvana, the Seattle, Washington band that had kicked off grunge’s breakthrough into mainstream music, was scheduled to headline the festival . . .

Some writers put another comma after the state, creating clunky sentences like this:

Both candidates mentioned meeting the Toledo, Ohio, man on the campaign trail, and tied him into their economic plans. [Daily Orange]

One way to fix sentences like these is to cut out the state name—the Seattle band, the Toledo man. If the city shares a name with other cities in other states, consider putting the state in parentheses—Charleston (West Virginia) man, the Columbus (Ohio) band.